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Bladder cancer diagnosis

If you have symptoms of bladder cancer, your doctor will examine you and ask about your health, your lifestyle, including smoking and drinking habits, and your family history. One or more of the following tests can be used to determine whether you have bladder cancer and whether it has spread. These tests can also be used to determine whether the treatment is effective. Blood and urine tests: These tests can help doctors diagnose bladder cancer or determine other conditions that may cause symptoms, such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections or prostatic hypertrophy. Cystoscopy: This is the most common and reliable examination method for bladder cancer. It is sometimes paired with transurethral resection (TUR), which is a surgery to remove cancer cells from the bladder. During cystoscopy, a thin tube with a camera at the end is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. Cystoscopy can be used to extract tissue samples and treat superficial tumors without surgery. Then, pathologists can study tissue cells under a microscope in order to make a diagnosis. However, cystoscopy is not always accurate when performed alone. Flat lesions (carcinoma in situ) and small papillary tumors can be ignored. MD Anderson suggests combining cystoscopy with other examinations to obtain the most accurate diagnosis. Patients can undergo cystoscopy under general anesthesia. This allows doctors to conduct a more thorough examination of the bladder when needed. Blue light cystoscopy is also used to assist in detecting bladder tumors. During this process, the bladder is filled with a solution that is absorbed by cancer cells and then lights up when exposed to blue light during cystoscopy. Imaging examination: imaging examination of bladder cancer includes: CT urography. This is the most commonly used imaging examination for bladder cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging scanning. When the patient's renal function is poor and the contrast agent required for CT urography cannot be performed, MRI can be used. Positron emission tomography bone scan chest X-ray or chest CT


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